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Skyscrapers appeared in places that had a high population and high land prices. The invention of a civil elevator and improvement of materials like steel were conditions in improvement of buildings. A first higher building appeared in the 19th century but run into problems of height. If the building had more than 6 floors higher floors became impractical because people got tired of climbing the stairs. Elevator helped there. The second problem were the walls. Wall material is used to hold the weight of the building but as the building rises so does the weight and, if the walls are made from conventional materials like bricks or cinderblocks, as the walls rise so does the thickness of the walls at the base so the walls could hold the building. This way of building is called shear wall but for great heights is impractical because of the amount of material needed and the lessening of the floor-space. That is why skyscrapers work on a different principle and in time that principle improved and changed.
The first idea that worked as a skyscraper was a steel frame which was basically a large steel box with many small boxes inside it. The idea is based on eliminating the part of a shear wall that did almost nothing, the central portion, and making support parts of the wall from much stronger material, steel. This method has drawbacks and can be used only on the lower skyscrapers. The main problem is that as height increases more material must be supported and the distance between supporting members must decrease. That makes more material that must be supported and so on. That is why this method is used only for buildings with 40 floors or fewer.
In 1963, a new method was invented a framed tube introduced by Fazlur Rahman Khan. It was based on the idea that a building can be designed to resist lateral loads by designing it as a hollow beam vertical to the ground. In it, closely spaced interconnected exterior columns form the tube. This allows for fewer interior columns and so creates more usable floor space. It was used for the first time in the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartment Building which was completed in Chicago in 1963. A variant of the tube frame is a bundled tube, which uses several interconnected tube frames and is highly efficient in economic terms. It also changed buildings esthetically because they no longer had to be box-like but the tube-units could be combined as the designer wanted.
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Skyscraper, very tall, multistoried building. The name first came into use during the 1880s, shortly after the first skyscrapers were built, in the United States. The development of skyscrapers came as a result of the coincidence of several technological and social developments. The term skyscraper originally applied to buildings of 10 to 20 stories, but by the late 20th century the term was used to describe high-rise buildings of unusual height, generally greater than 40 or 50 stories. The first idea that worked as a skyscraper was a steel frame which was basically a large steel box with many small boxes inside it.
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