Serial design of the home starts from standard projects that have historically developed in different countries and among different peoples, in which traditions and lifestyle, weather conditions, the availability of building materials, the well-being of families, etc. were optimally taken into account. For example, a traditional log hut that appeared in IX —X centuries during the slow evolution over the centuries and until now it has been divided into several typical options: a hut-four-wall of the poorest peasants, a common hut-five-wall for middle-income families, a hut-cross, which was built by wealthy residents, could accommodate a large family or a whole clan of several families, less common were the house with a purse and a six-wall hut. In the southern regions with a milder climate, where there was no abundance of scaffolding, huts on a frame basis were set up, and nomadic peoples widely used tent-type easy-to-fold yurts.
The appearance of apartment buildings and shelters
With the beginning of industrial development in the 19th century, the influx of labor into cities increased. The traditional manor houses of the peasants could not ensure the concentration of a large number of people, and the low affluence of the bulk of working families did not allow them to solve the housing problem on their own, so factory owners and landowners began to build housing at their own expense, renting it out. On the outskirts of cities, barracks or traditional manor-type huts were built, which were densely populated, forming large working villages. In cities, apartment buildings, which have become the prototype of modern high-rise buildings, are most widespread; their active construction in Russia began in the 1880s.
Like a modern house, apartment buildings had a sectional structure and were often built according to individual projects. Typical design did not develop well, because the construction conditions were very different and depended both on the capabilities and plans of the customer, and on the layout of the site, often limited in size, because at that time the quarterly principle of development prevailed when the houses were located around the perimeter of the quarter and faced street, tightly adjacent to each other and often turning at different angles. The layout of the premises was also very diverse and was designed for tenants of various incomes, rich apartments consisted of 15 rooms or more, facing the front of the house, the poor were in the back of the courtyard, which was built up in order to generate income, as densely as possible. Inside the quarters, often narrow, poorly ventilated courtyards appeared, which, due to constant dampness and lack of sunlight, often became seedlings of consumption.
For the impoverished segments of the population who could not afford to rent apartments, corridor or barracks-type lodging houses were built, consisting of a large number of small rooms or nooks with bunks on both sides of the corridor, stretching along the entire building.
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